Welcome to PTCB Exam Preparation | Pharm Study Tips

PTCB Exam Preparation Guidance

Preparing for the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) exam can be a daunting task, but with the right approach and resources, you can set yourself up for success. Here's a comprehensive guide to help you navigate through your PTCB exam preparation:

1. Understand the Exam Structure

The PTCB exam is designed to assess the knowledge and skills required for pharmacy technicians. It consists of 90 multiple-choice questions, divided into four main areas:

• Medications (40%)
• Federal Requirements (12.5%)
• Patient Safety and Quality Assurance (26.25%)
• Order Entry and Processing (21.25%)

Understanding this structure will help you allocate your study time effectively.

2. Study Resources

Utilize a variety of resources to prepare comprehensively:

• PTCB Official Guidebook: This guidebook outlines the content and provides sample questions, offering a clear understanding of what to expect.
• Textbooks: Refer to standard pharmacy technician textbooks such as "The Pharmacy Technician" by Perspective Press. These are essential for in-depth knowledge.
• Online Courses: Enroll in online courses specifically designed for PTCB preparation. Websites like Coursera, Udemy, and Khan Academy offer relevant courses that can be very helpful.
• Practice Tests: Familiarize yourself with the exam format and types of questions by taking practice exams. Websites like Exam Edge, Pocket Prep, and the PTCB's official site offer excellent practice tests.
• Flashcards: Use flashcards for quick reviews of key terms and concepts. Apps like Quizlet have pre-made flashcards for PTCB prep, making it easy to study on the go.

3. Study Plan

Creating a structured study plan is crucial:

• Weekly Goals: Set weekly goals to cover specific topics. For example, dedicate Week 1 to Medications, Week 2 to Federal Requirements, and so on.
• Daily Schedule: Dedicate a certain number of hours each day to studying. Balance your study sessions with breaks to avoid burnout.
• Review Sessions: Allocate time for review sessions where you revisit challenging topics and practice questions.

4. Focus Areas

Concentrate on the areas that are heavily weighted in the exam:

• Medications: Learn about different drug classifications, brand and generic names, common uses, side effects, and dosages.
• Federal Requirements: Study federal laws and regulations related to pharmacy practice, including controlled substances, record-keeping, and legal requirements.
• Patient Safety: Understand procedures and guidelines for ensuring patient safety, including error prevention, quality assurance, and proper medication storage.
• Order Entry and Processing: Familiarize yourself with the processes involved in prescription and medication order entry, including interpreting prescriptions, labeling, and dispensing.

5. Test-Taking Strategies

Enhance your test-taking skills with these strategies:

• Read Questions Carefully: Pay close attention to the wording of each question to avoid misinterpretation.
• Eliminate Wrong Answers: Use the process of elimination to narrow down your choices.
• Time Management: Keep track of your time to ensure you can answer all questions. Don’t spend too much time on any one question.
• Practice Relaxation Techniques: Stay calm and focused during the exam by practicing deep breathing or other relaxation techniques.

6. Join Study Groups

Join study groups or online forums where you can discuss topics, share resources, and get support from fellow candidates. Collaborative learning can provide new insights and make studying more enjoyable.

7. Additional Tips

• Healthy Routine: Maintain a healthy routine with adequate sleep, nutrition, and exercise to keep your mind and body in good condition.
• Stay Updated: Keep yourself updated with any changes in pharmacy laws and regulations, as the field is constantly evolving.
• Seek Help: Don’t hesitate to seek help from instructors or mentors if you have difficulty understanding certain concepts.

By following this guidance and dedicating sufficient time and effort to your preparation, you'll be well-equipped to pass the PTCB exam and advance your career as a certified pharmacy technician. Good luck!

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give examples of study resources

 

Here are some examples of study resources that can help you prepare effectively for the PTCB exam:

Official Guidebooks and Textbooks

1. PTCB Official Guidebook: This comprehensive guidebook outlines the exam content and provides sample questions, offering a clear understanding of what to expect.
2. The Pharmacy Technician by Perspective Press: A standard textbook that covers all the necessary topics in detail, from medications to pharmacy law.

Online Courses

1. Coursera: Offers courses like "Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam Review" which can help you get a thorough understanding of the exam content.
2. Udemy: Provides various PTCB exam preparation courses that include video lectures, practice tests, and study materials.
3. Khan Academy: Although not specifically for PTCB, Khan Academy offers a wealth of information on related subjects such as pharmacology and patient care.

Practice Tests

1. Exam Edge: Provides practice exams that simulate the actual PTCB exam, helping you get accustomed to the format and types of questions.
2. Pocket Prep: An app that offers a wide range of practice questions and tests that you can take on your mobile device.
3. PTCB Official Practice Tests: Available on the PTCB website, these tests are designed to give you a realistic preview of the actual exam.

Flashcards

1. Quizlet: Offers pre-made flashcards for PTCB prep, covering key terms and concepts that are essential for the exam.
2. Anki: A powerful flashcard app that uses spaced repetition to help you memorize important information efficiently.

Study Groups and Online Forums

1. Reddit (r/PharmacyTechnician): A community where you can discuss topics, share resources, and get support from fellow candidates.
2. Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) Study Group on Facebook: A group where members share study tips, resources, and provide moral support.

Additional Books and Resources

1. Mosby's Pharmacy Technician: Principles and Practice: Another comprehensive textbook that covers the fundamental principles of pharmacy practice.
2. Pharmacy Calculations for Pharmacy Technicians: Master Calculations The Safe & Easy Way Without Formulas: A useful book for mastering pharmacy calculations, an important part of the exam.

By using a combination of these resources, you can ensure a well-rounded and thorough preparation for the PTCB exam. Make sure to balance your study materials and methods to cover all aspects of the exam comprehensively.

 

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10 Key Points Every Patient Must Know About Their Medication - Pharma St...

Welcome to Pharm Study Tips! In this video, we break down the top 10 essential points every patient should know about their medication. Whether you're taking a new prescription or managing long-term treatment, understanding these key aspects can help ensure your safety and the effectiveness of your medication. 🔹 Name and Purpose: Learn why it's important to know both the brand and generic names of your medication and its intended use. 🔹 Dosage and Administration: Find out the correct dosage, frequency, and best practices for taking your medication. 🔹 Side Effects: Be aware of potential side effects and what steps to take if you experience them. 🔹 Interactions: Understand how your medication interacts with other drugs, supplements, or foods. 🔹 Storage Instructions: Discover the best ways to store your medication to maintain its effectiveness. 🔹 Duration of Treatment: Know how long you should take your medication for optimal results. 🔹 Missed Doses: Learn what to do if you accidentally miss a dose. 🔹 Refills and Prescription Renewal: Stay on top of your medication by understanding the refill and renewal process. 🔹 Special Precautions: Be informed about any special precautions you need to take while on your medication. 🔹 When to Seek Help: Know when and how to contact your healthcare provider if you have concerns. Join us as we explore each point in detail with easy-to-understand explanations and practical tips. Don't forget to like, comment, and subscribe for more health tips and stay updated with our latest content. Hit the bell icon so you never miss a video!

25 commonly prescribed drugs - Pharm study tips

Here is a list of 25 commonly prescribed drugs along with their brand names:

1. Atorvastatin - Lipitor
2. Levothyroxine - Synthroid
3. Lisinopril - Prinivil, Zestril
4. Metformin - Glucophage
5. Amlodipine - Norvasc
6. Metoprolol - Lopressor, Toprol XL
7. Omeprazole - Prilosec
8. Simvastatin - Zocor
9. Losartan - Cozaar
10. Albuterol - ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA
11. Gabapentin - Neurontin
12. Hydrochlorothiazide - Microzide
13. Sertraline - Zoloft
14. Montelukast - Singulair
15. Fluticasone - Flonase, Flovent
16. Amoxicillin - Amoxil
17. Pantoprazole - Protonix
18. Prednisone - Deltasone
19. Escitalopram - Lexapro
20. Clopidogrel - Plavix
21. Meloxicam - Mobic
22. Rosuvastatin - Crestor
23. Propranolol - Inderal
24. Aspirin - Bayer, Ecotrin
25. Furosemide - Lasix

Would you like any additional information on these drugs? Please comment. Thank you.

Types of Drug Classifications and Subclassifications

  Types of Drug Classifications and Subclassifications1.      By Chemical Structure:

• Benzodiazepines
• Subclasses: 1,4-Benzodiazepines, 1,5-Benzodiazepines
• Classified by: Leo Sternbach, Hoffmann-La Roche
• Beta-lactams
• Subclasses: Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams
• Classified by: Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain, Edward Abraham, Guy Newton
• Opioids
• Subclasses: Naturally Occurring Opioids, Semi-synthetic Opioids, Synthetic Opioids
• Classified by: Friedrich Sertürner, Heinrich Dreser, Paul Janssen
• Sulfonamides
• Subclasses: Simple Sulfonamides, Complex Sulfonamides
• Classified by: Gerhard Domagk
• Aminoglycosides
• Subclasses: Natural Aminoglycosides, Semi-synthetic Aminoglycosides
• Classified by: Selman Waksman
• Quinolones
• Subclasses: First-generation Quinolones, Second-generation Quinolones, Third-generation Quinolones, Fourth-generation Quinolones
• Classified by: George Lesher
• Macrolides
• Subclasses: 14-membered Macrolides, 15-membered Macrolides, 16-membered Macrolides
• Classified by: J. M. McGuire and colleagues
• Tetracyclines
• Subclasses: Short-acting Tetracyclines, Intermediate-acting Tetracyclines, Long-acting Tetracyclines
• Classified by: Benjamin Duggar
• Barbiturates
• Subclasses: Ultra-short-acting Barbiturates, Short-acting Barbiturates, Intermediate-acting Barbiturates, Long-acting Barbiturates
• Classified by: Emil Fischer, Joseph von Mering
• Phenothiazines
• Subclasses: Aliphatic Phenothiazines, Piperazine Phenothiazines, Piperidine Phenothiazines
• Classified by: Paul Charpentier 

2.      By Mechanism of Action:

• ACE Inhibitors
• Beta-blockers
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

3.      By Therapeutic Use:

• Antibiotics
• Antihypertensives
• Antidiabetics
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

4.      By Pharmacological Effect:

• Analgesics
• Antipyretics
• Anti-inflammatory
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

5.      By Source of Origin:

• Natural
• Synthetic
• Semi-synthetic
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

6.      By Legal Classification:

• Prescription Drugs
• Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTC)
• Controlled Substances
• Classified by: Regulatory agencies (e.g., FDA, DEA)

7.      By Route of Administration:

• Oral
• Topical
• Parenteral
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

8.      By Potential for Abuse:

• Schedule I
• Schedule II
• Schedule III
• Classified by: Regulatory agencies (e.g., DEA)

9.      By Target Organ/System:

• Cardiovascular Drugs
• Respiratory Drugs
• Gastrointestinal Drugs
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

10.  By Biological Impact:

• Cytotoxic Drugs
• Immunosuppressants
• Hormones
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies 

11.  By Duration of Action:

• Short-acting
• Intermediate-acting
• Long-acting
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

12.  By Age Group:

• Pediatric Drugs
• Geriatric Drugs
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

13.  By Disease or Condition Treated:

• Antiviral Drugs
• Antifungal Drugs
• Anticancer Drugs
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

14.  By Pharmacokinetic Properties:

• Rapid Onset
• Slow Onset
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

15.  By Physical Form:

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Classified by: Various researchers and pharmaceutical companies

Diagram 

This classification covers a broad range of criteria, ensuring a thorough understanding from multiple perspectives.

Related Articles for "Drug Classification by Chemical Structure"

1. "A Comprehensive Guide to Pharmacology: Understanding Drug Mechanisms"

   • This article explores the fundamental mechanisms of how drugs interact with the body, focusing on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

2. "The Evolution of Antibiotics: From Discovery to Resistance"

   • Delve into the history of antibiotic discovery, including the pioneering work of Alexander Fleming and the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance.

3. "Opioid Crisis: Understanding the Role of Synthetic Opioids"

   • An in-depth look at the opioid crisis, focusing on the role of synthetic opioids and efforts to manage and mitigate addiction.

4. "Benzodiazepines: Uses, Risks, and Alternatives"

   • An article discussing the therapeutic uses of benzodiazepines, their potential risks, and alternative treatments for anxiety and insomnia.

5. "The Role of Beta-lactams in Modern Medicine"

   • Explore the various subclasses of beta-lactams, their clinical applications, and their importance in treating bacterial infections.

6. "Sulfonamides: The First Antibiotics and Their Legacy"

   • A historical overview of sulfonamides, their discovery by Gerhard Domagk, and their lasting impact on medicine.

7. "Innovations in Quinolone Antibiotics: A Generational Perspective"
   

   • Discuss the development of quinolone antibiotics, from first-generation to fourth-generation, and their clinical significance.

8. "The Impact of Macrolides on Respiratory Infections"

   • This article covers the role of macrolides in treating respiratory infections, with a focus on their pharmacology and clinical applications.

9. "Tetracyclines: Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics and Their Applications"

   • An exploration of tetracyclines, their broad-spectrum activity, and their use in treating a variety of infections.

10. "Barbiturates: History, Use, and Modern Alternatives"

    • A detailed look at the history of barbiturates, their therapeutic uses, and the development of safer alternatives.

11. "Phenothiazines in Psychiatry: A Historical and Clinical Perspective"

    • Discuss the discovery and clinical use of phenothiazines in treating psychiatric disorders, with an emphasis on their subclasses.

12. "Drug Classification by Mechanism of Action: An Overview"

    • An article that complements the chemical structure classification by discussing drugs categorized by their mechanisms of action.

13. "Therapeutic Use Classification of Drugs: A Practical Guide"

    • A practical guide to understanding drug classification based on therapeutic use, including common examples and clinical relevance.

14. "Pharmacological Effects: How Drugs Impact the Body"

    • Explore the various pharmacological effects of drugs, such as analgesics, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory agents.

15. "Natural vs. Synthetic Drugs: Understanding the Differences"

• A comparison of natural, synthetic, and semi-synthetic drugs, highlighting their sources, benefits, and drawbacks.

Keywords for Related Articles: Drug classification, pharmacology, antibiotics, opioid crisis, benzodiazepines, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, quinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, barbiturates, phenothiazines, drug mechanisms, therapeutic use, pharmacological effects, natural drugs, synthetic drugs.

Making Paracetamol Oral Suspension: A Comprehensive Guide to Formulation and Preparation"

 Paracetamol Oral Suspension is a liquid medication formulated to relieve pain and fever, particularly in children who might struggle with swallowing pills. Here’s a detailed breakdown:

Formulation

The specific ingredients and their quantities in Paracetamol Oral Suspension are:

• Paracetamol: 120 mg/5 mL - The active ingredient providing pain and fever relief.
• Sucrose: 3.75 g - A sweetener to improve taste.
• Glycerin: 1.25 g - A thickening agent and sweetener.
• Sorbitol solution: 2.50 mL - A sweetener and humectant, keeping the suspension moist.
• Methylparaben: 0.1 g - A preservative to prevent microbial growth.
• Propylparaben: 0.02 g - Another preservative to enhance shelf life.
• Xanthan gum: 0.15 g - A thickening agent to ensure proper consistency.
• Flavoring agent: Sufficient quantity (q.s.) - To mask the bitterness of paracetamol.
• Purified water: To make up to 100 mL - The solvent for the suspension.

                             Image 1: Paracetamol suspension preparation

Method of Preparation

The preparation process involves several steps to ensure proper dissolution and dispersion of ingredients, resulting in a stable and uniform product:

1. Dissolve the parabens in hot purified water:

   • Methylparaben and Propylparaben are dissolved in hot purified water to create a preservative solution that prevents microbial growth and extends the shelf life of the suspension.

2. Disperse the xanthan gum in glycerin:

   • Xanthan gum is dispersed in glycerin to prevent clumping, ensuring it is evenly distributed when mixed with other ingredients, providing the necessary viscosity for the suspension.

3. Mix the parabens solution and xanthan gum dispersion:

   • The paraben solution is mixed with the xanthan gum dispersion, creating a base that is preserved and has the appropriate texture.

4. Dissolve the paracetamol in the sorbitol solution:

   • Paracetamol is dissolved in the sorbitol solution, which acts as a sweetener and a humectant, keeping the suspension moist and palatable.

5. Combine all solutions and add sucrose and flavoring agent:

   • The solutions from previous steps are combined. Sucrose is added as a sweetener to enhance taste, and the flavoring agent is added to mask the bitterness of paracetamol.

6. Make up the volume to 100 mL with purified water:

   • The mixture is brought up to the final volume of 100 mL with purified water to ensure the correct concentration of paracetamol and other ingredients.

7. Mix thoroughly and homogenize if necessary:

• The final mixture is mixed thoroughly to ensure uniform distribution of all components. Homogenization may be necessary to break down any large particles and create a smooth, uniform suspension.

                                       Image 2: 3D image of Paracetamol suspension

Characteristics and Benefits

1. Accurate Dosing:

   • The suspension allows for precise dosing, crucial for pediatric populations where doses must be adjusted based on weight and age.

2. Palatable Formulation:

   • The use of sucrose, sorbitol, and flavoring agents makes the suspension pleasant-tasting, increasing patient compliance.

3. Stability:

   • The inclusion of parabens ensures the product remains free from microbial contamination throughout its shelf life.

4. Ease of Administration:

   • The liquid form is easy to swallow and can be administered using a measuring spoon, cup, or syringe, providing flexibility in dosing.

Conclusion

Paracetamol Oral Suspension is a well-formulated liquid medication designed to provide effective pain and fever relief, especially for children. The careful formulation and method of preparation ensure a stable, palatable, and effective product that is easy to administer and accurately dosed. Proper preparation and mixing are crucial to achieving the desired therapeutic effects and ensuring patient safety.

Method flow chart:

The information provided in this article is intended for educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the guidance of your physician or other qualified health professionals with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or medication preparation. Do not attempt to prepare medications without proper training and authorization.

Top 100 Essential Pharmacy Abbreviations You Must Know

 

Common Pharmacy Abbreviations Examples Youtube link given at the end of the page.

1. a.c.: Before meals
   Example: Take 1 tablet a.c. daily.

2. a.d.: Right ear
   Example: Instill 2 drops a.d. twice daily.

3. a.s.: Left ear
   Example: Instill 2 drops a.s. twice daily.

4. a.u.: Both ears
   Example: Instill 2 drops a.u. twice daily.

5. ad lib.: As desired
   Example: Use ad lib for pain.

6. AM: Morning
   Example: Take 1 tablet in the AM.

7. amp: Ampule
   Example: Administer one amp IM.

8. AQ: Aqueous
   Example: Use AQ solution for nebulizer.

9. bid: Twice a day
   Example: Take 1 capsule bid.

10. BM: Bowel movement
   Example: Take 1 tablespoon for BM.

11. BP: Blood pressure
   Example: Monitor BP daily.

12. bucc: Buccal
   Example: Place 1 tablet bucc PRN.

13. cap: Capsule
   Example: Take 2 caps daily.

14. cc: Cubic centimeter
   Example: Inject 2 cc IM.

15. CNS: Central nervous system
   Example: Monitor CNS effects.

16. CR: Controlled release
   Example: Take 1 CR tablet daily.

17. CSR: Central Supply Room
   Example: Send to CSR for sterilization.

18. DC: Discontinue
   Example: DC use if side effects occur.

19. D5W: 5% Dextrose in water
   Example: Infuse D5W at 100 mL/hr.

20. disp: Dispense
   Example: Disp 30 tablets.

21. DS: Double strength
   Example: Take 1 DS tablet daily.

22. EC: Enteric coated
   Example: Take 1 EC tablet daily.

23. elix: Elixir
   Example: Take 1 tsp elix daily.

24. ER: Extended release
   Example: Take 1 ER tablet daily.

25. FDA: Food and Drug Administration
   Example: FDA approved medication.

26. g: Gram
   Example: Apply 1 g ointment.

27. gtt: Drop
   Example: Instill 2 gtt in eye.

28. HCl: Hydrochloric acid
   Example: Use HCl solution for dilution.

29. hs: At bedtime
   Example: Take 1 tablet hs.

30. ICU: Intensive Care Unit
   Example: Admit to ICU for observation.

31. IM: Intramuscular
   Example: Administer 1 mL IM.

32. in: Inch
   Example: Apply 2 inches of ointment.

33. inj: Injection
   Example: Give 1 mL inj.

34. IV: Intravenous
   Example: Administer IV fluids.

35. IVPB: Intravenous piggyback
   Example: Infuse antibiotic IVPB.

36. kg: Kilogram
   Example: Calculate dose per kg.

37. L: Liter
   Example: Infuse 1 L of saline.

38. lb: Pound
   Example: Patient weighs 150 lb.

39. liq: Liquid
   Example: Take 1 tbsp liq daily.

40. LR: Lactated Ringer's
   Example: Infuse 1 L LR solution.

41. mcg: Microgram
   Example: Administer 500 mcg.

42. mEq: Milliequivalent
   Example: Take 20 mEq potassium.

43. mg: Milligram
   Example: Take 500 mg tablet.

44. mL: Milliliter
   Example: Inject 2 mL IM.

45. MR: Modified release
   Example: Take 1 MR tablet daily.

46. MS: Morphine sulfate
   Example: Administer 10 mg MS.

47. NG: Nasogastric
   Example: Insert NG tube for feeding.

48. NSAID: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
   Example: Take 1 NSAID for pain.

49. NTG: Nitroglycerin
   Example: Place 1 NTG tab SL PRN.

50. od: Right eye
   Example: Instill 1 drop od daily.

51. os: Left eye
   Example: Instill 1 drop os daily.

52. ou: Both eyes
   Example: Instill 1 drop ou daily.

53. OTC: Over the counter
   Example: Buy OTC pain relief.

54. pc: After meals
   Example: Take 1 tablet pc.

55. p.o.: By mouth
   Example: Take 1 tablet p.o.

56. pr: Per rectum
   Example: Insert 1 suppository pr.

57. prn: As needed
   Example: Take 1 tablet prn for pain.

58. q: Every
   Example: Take 1 tablet q 8 hours.

59. q.d.: Every day
   Example: Take 1 tablet q.d.

60. q.h.: Every hour
   Example: Instill 1 drop q.h.

61. q.i.d.: Four times a day
   Example: Take 1 capsule q.i.d.

62. q.o.d.: Every other day
   Example: Take 1 tablet q.o.d.

63. qam: Every morning
   Example: Take 1 tablet qam.

64. qpm: Every evening
   Example: Take 1 tablet qpm.

65. R: Rectal
   Example: Insert 1 suppository R.

66. Rx: Prescription
   Example: Rx for antibiotics.

67. s.c.: Subcutaneous
   Example: Inject 1 mL s.c.

68. SL: Sublingual
   Example: Place 1 tablet SL PRN.

69. sol: Solution
   Example: Use saline sol for rinse.

70. stat: Immediately
   Example: Administer stat dose.

71. supp: Suppository
   Example: Insert 1 supp rectally.

72. susp: Suspension
   Example: Shake well before using susp.

73. tab: Tablet
   Example: Take 2 tabs daily.

74. tbsp: Tablespoon
   Example: Take 1 tbsp daily.

75. t.i.d.: Three times a day
   Example: Take 1 capsule t.i.d.

76. tsp: Teaspoon
   Example: Take 1 tsp daily.

77. T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus
   Example: Patient diagnosed with T1DM.

78. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus
   Example: Patient diagnosed with T2DM.

79. TPN: Total parenteral nutrition
   Example: Administer TPN via IV.

80. tsp: Teaspoon
   Example: Take 1 tsp daily.

81. u: Unit
   Example: Administer 10 u insulin.

82. ung: Ointment
   Example: Apply ung to affected area.

83. U.S.P.: United States Pharmacopeia
   Example: Follow U.S.P. guidelines.

84. UTI: Urinary tract infection
   Example: Treat UTI with antibiotics.

85. vag: Vaginal
   Example: Insert 1 vag tablet.

86. v.o.: Verbal order
   Example: Doctor gave v.o. for medication.

87. WBC: White blood cell
   Example: Check WBC count.

88. wk: Week
   Example: Follow up in 1 wk.

89. wt: Weight
   Example: Monitor patient's wt.

90. y.o.: Year old
   Example: Patient is 35 y.o.

91. ZnO: Zinc oxide
   Example: Apply ZnO ointment to rash.

92. CBC: Complete blood count
   Example: Order CBC test.

93. CPR: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
   Example: Perform CPR immediately.

94. DNR: Do not resuscitate
   Example: Patient has DNR order.

95. GI: Gastrointestinal
   Example: Check for GI symptoms.

96. HRT: Hormone replacement therapy
   Example: Patient on HRT.

97. IC: Intracardiac
   Example: Administer IC injection.

98. IU: International unit
   Example: Administer 500 IU vitamin D.

99. LFT: Liver function test
   Example: Order LFT for patient.

100. OT: Occupational therapy
   Example: Refer patient to OT.

Youtube link: https://youtu.be/uzPQROd6nmM